RESUMO A Mata Atlântica é considerada um ambiente de ampla biodiversidade, no entanto, por estar constantemente sendo submetida a uma intensa pressão antrópica, encontra-se bastante fragmentada e desconectada, circundada por extensas matrizes formadas de pastos, capoeiras, monoculturas e áreas urbanas. A fragmentação, bem como determinados sistemas de uso e manejo do solo, pode ocasionar alterações na composição e atividade de microrganismos do solo, como os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs). Dessa forma, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a composição da população dos FMAs em diferentes áreas de Mata Atlântica, determinar a influência do tipo de cobertura vegetal na abundância de esporos de FMAs, no comprimento de micélio extrarradicular (CMET) e nos teores de proteína do solo relacionada à glomalina no solo (PSRG). Os sistemas avaliados foram: agricultura anual (AgAn); agricultura perene (AgP), pasto, floresta secundária estádio inicial (FSEI); floresta secundária estádio médio (FSEM); floresta secundária estádio avançado (FSEA). Coletaram-se amostras de terra na profundidade de 0-5 cm, em duas épocas distintas (verão e inverno). Um total de 27 morfotipos de esporos de FMAs foi coletado, sendo que a espécie Glomus macrocarpum Tulasne & Tulasne foi presente em todas as áreas estudadas, em ambas as épocas de coleta e na maioria das vezes com uma elevada frequência de ocorrência. A abundância de esporos de FMAs foi influenciada pelo tipo de cobertura vegetal. Uma baixa esporulação dos FMAs foi observada na área de AgAn em ambas as coletas. As áreas agrícolas modificaram a composição das espécies de FMAs em relação aos sistemas florestais. Os teores de PSRG - facilmente extraível (PSRG-FE) reduziram-se quando da passagem de FSEM para agricultura.

ABSTRACT The Atlantic Forest is considered an environment of great biodiversity. However, by constantly being subjected to intense human pressure, is very fragmented and disconnected, surrounded by extensive matrices formed by pastures, capoeiras, monocultures and urban areas. Fragmentation, as well as certain uses and soil management can cause changes in the composition and activity of soil microorganisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Fragmentation, as well as certain uses and soil management may entail a reduction of edaphic microflora. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the composition of the population of mycorrhizal fungi (MF) in different areas, to determine the influence of vegetation on the abundance of AMF spores in the length of extraradical mycelium (LEM) and levels of Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) the ground. The systems were evaluated: annual crops (Anag); perennial agriculture (PAG), pasture, secondary forest early stage (SFES), secondary forest medium stage (SFME); advanced stage secondary forest (ASSF). Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-5 cm, in two different seasons (summer and winter), and analyzed the abundance of spores and species composition of AMF, the LEM, and the presence of GRSP. It was recovered a total of 27 morphotypes of spores of AMF, and AMF species was that which was present in all areas studied in both seasons and in most cases with a high frequency of occurrence. The abundance of AMF spores was influenced by the type of vegetation. A low AMF sporulation was observed in the area of Anag both stations. The agricultural areas have changed the species composition of AMF in relation to forest systems. The concentration of GRSP - easily extractable (GRSP-EE) fell in the SFME for agriculture.

Aiming to identify new sources of bioactive secondary metabolites, we isolated 82 endophytic fungi from stems and barks of the native Brazilian tree Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Fabaceae). We tested their ethyl acetate extracts in several in vitro assays. The organic extracts from three isolates showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 32-64 μg/mL]. One isolate inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 64 μg/mL) and two isolates inhibited the growth of Klebsiella oxytoca (MIC 64 μg/mL), Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis (MIC 64-128 μg/mL). Fourteen extracts at a concentration of 20 μg/mL showed antitumour activities against human breast cancer and human renal cancer cells, while two isolates showed anti-tumour activities against human melanoma cancer cells. Six extracts were able to reduce the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating some degree of selective toxicity. Four isolates were able to inhibit Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and one isolate inhibited Trypanosoma cruzi by at least 40% at 20 μg/mL. The trypanocidal extract obtained from Fusarium sp. [KF611679] culture was subjected to bioguided fractionation, which revealed beauvericin as the compound responsible for the observed toxicity of Fusarium sp. to T. cruzi. This depsipeptide showed a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 1.9 μg/mL (2.43 μM) in a T. cruzi cellular culture assay.

A ocorrência de micorrizas arbusculares (AM) e ectomicorrizas (ECM) no mesmo sistema radicular foi observada quando Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake, E. citriodora Hook F., E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, E. cloeziana F. Muell e E. camaldulensis Dehnh foram inoculadas simultaneamente com Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gederman and Pisolithus tinctorius (Per.) Cocker & Couch. A sucessão entre os dois fungos foi observada. De modo geral, o aumento da colonização ECM foi acompanhado de um decréscimo em AM. A inoculação simultânea resultou em percentagens de colonização diferenciadas das obtidas com a inoculação isolada. Pisolithus tinctorius beneficiou-se da inoculação simultânea com G. etunicatum. Para o fungo AM, o efeito positivo da inoculação simultânea ocorreu até aos 60 dias após a inoculação. A partir de 120 dias, a colonização das raízes por G. etunicatum diminuiu na presença de P. tinctorius. A proporção de AM e ECM variou com o tempo de avaliação e o total da percentagem de raízes colonizadas aproximou-se do valor máximo aos 60 dias da inoculação, mantendo-se constante. Os maiores valores foram observados para E. camaldulensis, seguido por E. citriodora, E. urophylla, E. grandis e E. cloeziana.

The occurrence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and ectomycorrhizae (ECM) in the same root system was observed when species of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake, E. citriodora Hook f., E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, E. cloeziana F. Muell. and E. camaldulensis Dehnh were simultaneously inoculated with Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gederman and Pisolithus tinctorius (Per.) Cocker & Couch, isolate Pt 90A. The succession between the two fungi was observed. In general ectomycorrhizal colonization increased followed by a decrease in AM. Pisolithus tinctorius was favored in simultaneous inoculation with G. etunicatum, and the positive effect of the simultaneous inoculation of both fungi in the percent colonization by the AM fungus occurred up to 60 days after inoculation. After 120 days, colonization of roots by G. etunicatum decreased in the presence of P. tinctorius. When inoculated simultaneously, the proportion of AM and ECM varied with evaluation time, while the combined percentage of mycorrhizal roots approached the maximum and remained more or less constant after 60 days, suggesting that there could be competition between the fungi for limiting substrate. The maximum percent mycorrhizal colonization varied with Eucalyptus species and the highest value was observed for E. camaldulensis, followed in order by E. citriodora, E. urophylla, E. grandis and E. cloeziana.